Packet #11090599 Success

TRACEROUTE_APP packet from AlexPush (ZAO) (8f24) to Ramenki Michurinskiy (cdc2)

5
Total Receptions
5
Unique Gateways
7
Hop Count
107
Payload Bytes
Packet Information
Database ID: 11090599
Mesh Packet ID: 0xb2d9b3a6
Used for correlation across gateways
Timestamp: 2026-03-04 00:46:16 UTC
From Node: AlexPush (ZAO) (8f24)
To Node: Ramenki Michurinskiy (cdc2)
Success: Processed
Protocol: TRACEROUTE_APP
Port: 70
Gateway: SYSXX BGW8 (SXB8)
Channel: LongFast
RSSI: -119 dBm
SNR: -10.25 dBm
Hop Info: 7/7 hops
Start: 7, Limit: 0
Payload Data
Protocol: TRACEROUTE_APP
Size: 107 bytes
Decoded: Yes
Decoded Data:
Route Information
Route Path: !75d00d2c → !6985d6a0 → SLA1 → ZAO, Mozhaisky 1f26 #868 #LF #Yagi3el (asl2) → UnoHub8 (UHUB) → leffba-m (LBA2) → Bagira (BIRA) → SYSXX BGW8 (SXB8)
Hop Count: 7 hops
Status: Incomplete - Final destination not reached
SNR Towards: 6.0 dB -8.0 dB -13.75 dB -15.5 dB -4.25 dB -18.0 dB -10.25 dB -10.25 dB
Route Visualization

Loading route map...

Map shows the geographic path if nodes have shared location data.
Traceroute Steps
Hop From Node To Node Distance SNR (dB) Direction Analysis
1 AlexPush (ZAO) (8f24) !75d00d2c Unknown 6.0 dB Origin Hops
2 !75d00d2c !6985d6a0 Unknown -8.0 dB Relay Hops
3 !6985d6a0 SLA1 Unknown -13.75 dB Relay Hops
4 SLA1 ZAO, Mozhaisky 1f26 #868 #LF #Yagi3el (asl2) Unknown -15.5 dB Relay Hops
5 ZAO, Mozhaisky 1f26 #868 #LF #Yagi3el (asl2) UnoHub8 (UHUB) Unknown -4.25 dB Relay Hops
6 UnoHub8 (UHUB) leffba-m (LBA2) Unknown -18.0 dB Relay Hops
7 leffba-m (LBA2) Bagira (BIRA) Unknown -10.25 dB Relay Hops
8 Bagira (BIRA) SYSXX BGW8 (SXB8) Unknown -10.25 dB Relay Hops
Traceroute incomplete - Final destination not reached
Combined Traceroute Graph
Controls: Drag nodes to rearrange • Mouse wheel to zoom • Click and drag background to pan • Hover for details

Building graph...

Legend & Paths
Nodes
🔄 Router Node
📡 Gateway Node
🚀 Source Node
🎯 Target Node
Connections
RF Link
Gateway Connection
Direct Reception (0 hops)
Packet Paths
Loading paths...
Raw Packet Analysis
Complete field breakdown and MQTT privacy/exposure analysis
Packet Structure
MQTT Packet Flow:
ServiceEnvelope (MQTT layer) → MeshPacket (Mesh layer) → Decoded Payload (Application data)
Total Size:107 bytes
Gateway:!efffff01
Channel:LongFast
Payload Type:TRACEROUTE_APP
Hop Count:7 / 7
Privacy Summary
Exposure Level:
Direct Message
Privacy Features:
✓ Direct LoRa transmission (not via MQTT)
✓ Acknowledgment requested
+ 2 more...
Exposure Risks:
⚠ Default channel - no encryption
⚠ Packet visible to MQTT subscribers
+ 2 more...
MQTT ServiceEnvelope Fields

MQTT ServiceEnvelope contains the MeshPacket plus routing metadata

FieldValue
gateway_id !efffff01
Node ID format
channel_id LongFast
Default public channel
packet MeshPacket (107 bytes)
Contains the actual mesh network packet
MeshPacket Fields

Core mesh packet with routing and payload information

FieldValueType
from 1771867940
Source node ID 		uint32
to 2203307458
Target node ID 		uint32
decoded.portnum 70
TRACEROUTE_APP 		enum
decoded.payload_length 107 bytes size
hop_limit Not set uint32
hop_start 7
Initial hop limit 		uint32
hops_taken 7
Calculated: hop_start - hop_limit 		derived
rx_rssi -119.0 dBm
Signal strength at gateway 		int32
rx_snr -10.25 dB
Signal quality at gateway 		float
rx_time 1772574376
Receive timestamp 		fixed32
via_mqtt False
Direct LoRa transmission 		bool
want_ack True
Acknowledgment requested 		bool
priority Not set enum
delayed Not set enum
channel Not set uint32
pki_encrypted False
Standard encryption 		bool
next_hop Not set uint32
relay_node 223
Relay node ID 		uint32
tx_after Not set uint32
timestamp 1772574376.8119652
Unix timestamp 		uint32
MQTT Privacy & Exposure Analysis

Analysis of privacy features and exposure risks when packet is shared via MQTT

Exposure Level: Direct Message
Privacy Features:
  • ✓ Direct LoRa transmission (not via MQTT)
  • ✓ Acknowledgment requested
  • ✓ Targeted to specific node
  • ✓ Gateway node ID tracked
Exposure Risks:
  • ⚠ Default channel - no encryption
  • ⚠ Packet visible to MQTT subscribers
  • ⚠ Multi-hop path visible (7 hops)
  • ⚠ RF signal metrics exposed (location inference possible)
MQTT-Specific Fields
Want ack: True
Gateway ID: !efffff01
Signal Metrics: RSSI: -119.0 dBm
SNR: -10.25 dB
Complete Payload Analysis

Detailed breakdown of all payload fields and decoded data

Payload Metadata:
Protocol:TRACEROUTE_APP
Size:107 bytes
Decoded: Yes
Complete Payload Data (JSON):
{ "route_nodes": [ 1976569132, 1770378912, 70428332, 978460454, 562969416, 2736256940, 4254506975, 4026531585 ], "snr_towards": [ 6.0, -8.0, -13.75, -15.5, -4.25, -18.0, -10.25, -10.25 ], "route_back": [], "snr_back": [], "route_node_names": { "1770378912": "!6985d6a0", "4026531585": "SYSXX BGW8 (SXB8)", "2203307458": "Ramenki Michurinskiy (cdc2)", "1771867940": "AlexPush (ZAO) (8f24)", "978460454": "ZAO, Mozhaisky 1f26 #868 #LF #Yagi3el (asl2)", "562969416": "UnoHub8 (UHUB)", "70428332": "SLA1", "1976569132": "!75d00d2c", "2736256940": "leffba-m (LBA2)", "4254506975": "Bagira (BIRA)" }, "traceroute_packet": { "packet_data": { "id": 11090599, "timestamp": 1772574376.8119652, "from_node_id": 1771867940, "to_node_id": 2203307458, "portnum": 70, "portnum_name": "TRACEROUTE_APP", "gateway_id": "!efffff01", "channel_id": "LongFast", "mesh_packet_id": 3000611750, "rssi": -119, "snr": -10.25, "hop_limit": 0, "hop_start": 7, "payload_length": 107, "processed_successfully": 1, "raw_payload": "0a202c0dd075a0d68569aca63204261f523a483b8e21acf717a3df9f96fd01ffffef124718e0ffffffffffffffff01c9ffffffffffffffff01c2ffffffffffffffff01efffffffffffffffff01b8ffffffffffffffff01d7ffffffffffffffff01d7ffffffffffffffff01", "via_mqtt": 0, "want_ack": 1, "priority": 0, "delayed": 0, "channel_index": null, "rx_time": 1772574376, "pki_encrypted": 0, "next_hop": 0, "relay_node": 223, "tx_after": 0, "timestamp_str": "2026-03-04 00:46:16", "hop_count": 7, "has_payload": true, "success": 1, "from_node_name": "AlexPush (ZAO) (8f24)", "to_node_name": "Ramenki Michurinskiy (cdc2)", "gateway_name": "SYSXX BGW8 (SXB8)", "gateway_location": { "node_id": 4026531585, "latitude": 55.78153, "longitude": 37.48599, "altitude": 18, "timestamp": 1772560083.0387034, "timestamp_str": "2026-03-03 20:48:03", "display_name": "SYSXX BGW8", "long_name": "SYSXX BGW8", "short_name": "SXB8", "hw_model": "TLORA_T3_S3" } }, "resolve_names": true, "packet_id": 11090599, "from_node_id": 1771867940, "to_node_id": 2203307458, "timestamp": 1772574376.8119652, "gateway_id": "!efffff01", "raw_payload": "0a202c0dd075a0d68569aca63204261f523a483b8e21acf717a3df9f96fd01ffffef124718e0ffffffffffffffff01c9ffffffffffffffff01c2ffffffffffffffff01efffffffffffffffff01b8ffffffffffffffff01d7ffffffffffffffff01d7ffffffffffffffff01", "hop_limit": 0, "hop_start": 7, "from_node_name": "AlexPush (ZAO) (8f24)", "to_node_name": "!8353cdc2", "route_data": { "route_nodes": [ 1976569132, 1770378912, 70428332, 978460454, 562969416, 2736256940, 4254506975, 4026531585 ], "snr_towards": [ 6.0, -8.0, -13.75, -15.5, -4.25, -18.0, -10.25, -10.25 ], "route_back": [], "snr_back": [] }, "forward_path": { "path_type": "forward", "node_ids": [ 1771867940, 1976569132, 1770378912, 70428332, 978460454, 562969416, 2736256940, 4254506975, 4026531585 ], "node_names": [ "AlexPush (ZAO) (8f24)", "!75d00d2c", "!6985d6a0", "SLA1", "ZAO, Mozhaisky 1f26 #868 #LF #Yagi3el (asl2)", "UnoHub8 (UHUB)", "leffba-m (LBA2)", "Bagira (BIRA)", "SYSXX BGW8 (SXB8)" ], "snr_values": [ 6.0, -8.0, -13.75, -15.5, -4.25, -18.0, -10.25, -10.25 ], "hops": [ { "hop_number": 1, "from_node_id": 1771867940, "to_node_id": 1976569132, "from_node_name": "AlexPush (ZAO) (8f24)", "to_node_name": "!75d00d2c", "snr": 6.0, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 2, "from_node_id": 1976569132, "to_node_id": 1770378912, "from_node_name": "!75d00d2c", "to_node_name": "!6985d6a0", "snr": -8.0, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 3, "from_node_id": 1770378912, "to_node_id": 70428332, "from_node_name": "!6985d6a0", "to_node_name": "SLA1", "snr": -13.75, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 4, "from_node_id": 70428332, "to_node_id": 978460454, "from_node_name": "SLA1", "to_node_name": "ZAO, Mozhaisky 1f26 #868 #LF #Yagi3el (asl2)", "snr": -15.5, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 5, "from_node_id": 978460454, "to_node_id": 562969416, "from_node_name": "ZAO, Mozhaisky 1f26 #868 #LF #Yagi3el (asl2)", "to_node_name": "UnoHub8 (UHUB)", "snr": -4.25, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 6, "from_node_id": 562969416, "to_node_id": 2736256940, "from_node_name": "UnoHub8 (UHUB)", "to_node_name": "leffba-m (LBA2)", "snr": -18.0, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 7, "from_node_id": 2736256940, "to_node_id": 4254506975, "from_node_name": "leffba-m (LBA2)", "to_node_name": "Bagira (BIRA)", "snr": -10.25, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 8, "from_node_id": 4254506975, "to_node_id": 4026531585, "from_node_name": "Bagira (BIRA)", "to_node_name": "SYSXX BGW8 (SXB8)", "snr": -10.25, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" } ], "is_complete": false, "total_hops": 8 }, "return_path": null, "actual_rf_path": { "path_type": "forward_rf", "node_ids": [ 1771867940, 1976569132, 1770378912, 70428332, 978460454, 562969416, 2736256940, 4254506975, 4026531585 ], "node_names": [ "AlexPush (ZAO) (8f24)", "!75d00d2c", "!6985d6a0", "SLA1", "ZAO, Mozhaisky 1f26 #868 #LF #Yagi3el (asl2)", "UnoHub8 (UHUB)", "leffba-m (LBA2)", "Bagira (BIRA)", "SYSXX BGW8 (SXB8)" ], "snr_values": [ 6.0, -8.0, -13.75, -15.5, -4.25, -18.0, -10.25, -10.25 ], "hops": [ { "hop_number": 1, "from_node_id": 1771867940, "to_node_id": 1976569132, "from_node_name": "AlexPush (ZAO) (8f24)", "to_node_name": "!75d00d2c", "snr": 6.0, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 2, "from_node_id": 1976569132, "to_node_id": 1770378912, "from_node_name": "!75d00d2c", "to_node_name": "!6985d6a0", "snr": -8.0, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 3, "from_node_id": 1770378912, "to_node_id": 70428332, "from_node_name": "!6985d6a0", "to_node_name": "SLA1", "snr": -13.75, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 4, "from_node_id": 70428332, "to_node_id": 978460454, "from_node_name": "SLA1", "to_node_name": "ZAO, Mozhaisky 1f26 #868 #LF #Yagi3el (asl2)", "snr": -15.5, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 5, "from_node_id": 978460454, "to_node_id": 562969416, "from_node_name": "ZAO, Mozhaisky 1f26 #868 #LF #Yagi3el (asl2)", "to_node_name": "UnoHub8 (UHUB)", "snr": -4.25, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 6, "from_node_id": 562969416, "to_node_id": 2736256940, "from_node_name": "UnoHub8 (UHUB)", "to_node_name": "leffba-m (LBA2)", "snr": -18.0, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 7, "from_node_id": 2736256940, "to_node_id": 4254506975, "from_node_name": "leffba-m (LBA2)", "to_node_name": "Bagira (BIRA)", "snr": -10.25, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 8, "from_node_id": 4254506975, "to_node_id": 4026531585, "from_node_name": "Bagira (BIRA)", "to_node_name": "SYSXX BGW8 (SXB8)", "snr": -10.25, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" } ], "is_complete": false, "total_hops": 8 } }, "has_return_path": false, "is_complete": false, "forward_path_display": "AlexPush (ZAO) (8f24) → !75d00d2c → !6985d6a0 → SLA1 → ZAO, Mozhaisky 1f26 #868 #LF #Yagi3el (asl2) → UnoHub8 (UHUB) → leffba-m (LBA2) → Bagira (BIRA) → SYSXX BGW8 (SXB8)", "return_path_display": null, "actual_rf_path_display": "AlexPush (ZAO) (8f24) → !75d00d2c → !6985d6a0 → SLA1 → ZAO, Mozhaisky 1f26 #868 #LF #Yagi3el (asl2) → UnoHub8 (UHUB) → leffba-m (LBA2) → Bagira (BIRA) → SYSXX BGW8 (SXB8)", "forward_hops": [ { "hop_number": 1, "from_node_id": 1771867940, "to_node_id": 1976569132, "from_node_name": "AlexPush (ZAO) (8f24)", "to_node_name": "!75d00d2c", "snr": 6.0, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 2, "from_node_id": 1976569132, "to_node_id": 1770378912, "from_node_name": "!75d00d2c", "to_node_name": "!6985d6a0", "snr": -8.0, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 3, "from_node_id": 1770378912, "to_node_id": 70428332, "from_node_name": "!6985d6a0", "to_node_name": "SLA1", "snr": -13.75, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 4, "from_node_id": 70428332, "to_node_id": 978460454, "from_node_name": "SLA1", "to_node_name": "ZAO, Mozhaisky 1f26 #868 #LF #Yagi3el (asl2)", "snr": -15.5, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 5, "from_node_id": 978460454, "to_node_id": 562969416, "from_node_name": "ZAO, Mozhaisky 1f26 #868 #LF #Yagi3el (asl2)", "to_node_name": "UnoHub8 (UHUB)", "snr": -4.25, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 6, "from_node_id": 562969416, "to_node_id": 2736256940, "from_node_name": "UnoHub8 (UHUB)", "to_node_name": "leffba-m (LBA2)", "snr": -18.0, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 7, "from_node_id": 2736256940, "to_node_id": 4254506975, "from_node_name": "leffba-m (LBA2)", "to_node_name": "Bagira (BIRA)", "snr": -10.25, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 8, "from_node_id": 4254506975, "to_node_id": 4026531585, "from_node_name": "Bagira (BIRA)", "to_node_name": "SYSXX BGW8 (SXB8)", "snr": -10.25, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" } ], "return_hops": [], "total_forward_distance": 0, "total_return_distance": null }
Complete Protobuf Decode (JSON)
{ "service_envelope": { "gateway_id": "!efffff01", "channel_id": "LongFast", "packet": "MeshPacket (see mesh_packet below)" }, "mesh_packet": { "from": 1771867940, "to": 2203307458, "id": 3000611750, "rx_time": 1772574376, "rx_snr": -10.25, "rx_rssi": -119, "hop_limit": 0, "hop_start": 7, "via_mqtt": 0, "want_ack": 1, "priority": 0, "delayed": 0, "channel_index": null, "pki_encrypted": 0, "next_hop": 0, "relay_node": 223, "tx_after": 0, "decoded": { "portnum": 70, "payload": "0a202c0dd075a0d68569aca63204261f523a483b8e21acf717a3df9f96fd01ffffef124718e0ffffffffffffffff01c9ffffffffffffffff01c2ffffffffffffffff01efffffffffffffffff01b8ffffffffffffffff01d7ffffffffffffffff01d7ffffffffffffffff01", "want_response": null, "dest": null, "source": null, "request_id": null, "reply_id": null, "emoji": null, "parsed_payload": { "route": [ 1976569132, 1770378912, 70428332, 978460454, 562969416, 2736256940, 4254506975, 4026531585 ], "snr_towards": [ 24, -32, -55, -62, -17, -72, -41, -41 ], "type": "protobuf", "portnum": "TRACEROUTE_APP", "message_class": "RouteDiscovery" } } } }
Raw Packet Data (107 bytes)
0a202c0dd075a0d68569aca63204261f523a483b8e21acf717a3df9f96fd01ffffef124718e0ffffffffffffffff01c9ffffffffffffffff01c2ffffffffffffffff01efffffffffffffffff01b8ffffffffffffffff01d7ffffffffffffffff01d7ffffffffffffffff01
Hex Analysis:
Size:107 bytes
Format:Protobuf (Protocol Buffers)
Encoding:Binary with varint and length-delimited fields
This is the raw protobuf-encoded payload as received from MQTT. The structure follows the Meshtastic protobuf schema definitions.
All Receptions
All gateways that received this packet
Correlation: Using Mesh Packet ID
Reception Locations

Loading reception map...

Map shows gateway locations that received this packet. Hop counts are displayed if available.
Gateway Time Offset RSSI SNR Hops Channel Timestamp Actions
SYSXX BGW8 (SXB8) Primary 0.000s
Reference 		-119.0 dBm -10.25 dB 7 LongFast 2026-03-04 00:46:16 Current
Aster-02 (AST2) -2.034s
Before 		-85.0 dBm 0.75 dB 6 LongFast 2026-03-04 00:46:14 View
SYSXX YGW8 (SXY8) -0.005s
Before 		-92.0 dBm -3.25 dB 7 LongFast 2026-03-04 00:46:16 View
SYSXX OGW8 (SXG8) +2.060s
After 		-71.0 dBm 6.25 dB 7 LongFast 2026-03-04 00:46:18 View
Zamkad8 (zmkd) +2.725s
After 		-116.0 dBm -6.25 dB 7 LongFast 2026-03-04 00:46:19 View
5

Total Receptions

5

Unique Gateways