Packet #5518497 Success

TRACEROUTE_APP packet from Balthazar (bltz) to Meshtastic 114. (114.)

9
Total Receptions
9
Unique Gateways
7
Hop Count
84
Payload Bytes
Packet Information
Database ID: 5518497
Mesh Packet ID: 0x4750599e
Used for correlation across gateways
Timestamp: 2026-01-11 18:14:30 UTC
From Node: Balthazar (bltz)
To Node: Meshtastic 114. (114.)
Success: Processed
Protocol: TRACEROUTE_APP
Port: 70
Gateway: NODE_SOLAR_868 (8682)
Channel: LongFast
RSSI: Unknown
SNR: Unknown
Hop Info: 7/7 hops
Start: 7, Limit: 0
Payload Data
Protocol: TRACEROUTE_APP
Size: 84 bytes
Decoded: Yes
Decoded Data:
Route Information
Route Path: Zarathustra (zrts) → HOVRINO_8 (HO_8) → Hops monitoring Seligerskaya #SAO (dE1l) → HOPS GW (ZER0) → nimbo78_repeater_seligerskaya (n78r) → ZAO Price ML 010° 🇷🇺 (PML8) → ZA_MKAD_22_868_1 (8681)
Hop Count: 6 hops
Status: Incomplete - Final destination not reached
SNR Towards: 6.0 dB -17.25 dB -18.5 dB -0.5 dB -4.75 dB 4.0 dB -13.5 dB
Route Visualization

Loading route map...

Map shows the geographic path if nodes have shared location data.
Traceroute Steps
Hop From Node To Node Distance SNR (dB) Direction Analysis
1 Balthazar (bltz) Zarathustra (zrts) 0 m 6.0 dB Origin Hops
2 Zarathustra (zrts) HOVRINO_8 (HO_8) 2.79 km -17.25 dB Relay Hops
3 HOVRINO_8 (HO_8) Hops monitoring Seligerskaya #SAO (dE1l) 3.96 km -18.5 dB Relay Hops
4 Hops monitoring Seligerskaya #SAO (dE1l) HOPS GW (ZER0) Unknown -0.5 dB Relay Hops
5 HOPS GW (ZER0) nimbo78_repeater_seligerskaya (n78r) Unknown -4.75 dB Relay Hops
6 nimbo78_repeater_seligerskaya (n78r) ZAO Price ML 010° 🇷🇺 (PML8) 23.47 km 4.0 dB Relay Hops
7 ZAO Price ML 010° 🇷🇺 (PML8) ZA_MKAD_22_868_1 (8681) Unknown -13.5 dB Relay Hops
Traceroute incomplete - Final destination not reached
Total Forward Distance
30.22 km
Combined Traceroute Graph
Controls: Drag nodes to rearrange • Mouse wheel to zoom • Click and drag background to pan • Hover for details

Building graph...

Legend & Paths
Nodes
🔄 Router Node
📡 Gateway Node
🚀 Source Node
🎯 Target Node
Connections
RF Link
Gateway Connection
Direct Reception (0 hops)
Packet Paths
Loading paths...
Raw Packet Analysis
Complete field breakdown and MQTT privacy/exposure analysis
Packet Structure
MQTT Packet Flow:
ServiceEnvelope (MQTT layer) → MeshPacket (Mesh layer) → Decoded Payload (Application data)
Total Size:84 bytes
Gateway:!9e9fbbf0
Channel:LongFast
Payload Type:TRACEROUTE_APP
Hop Count:7 / 7
Privacy Summary
Exposure Level:
Direct Message
Privacy Features:
✓ Direct LoRa transmission (not via MQTT)
✓ Acknowledgment requested
+ 2 more...
Exposure Risks:
⚠ Default channel - no encryption
⚠ Packet visible to MQTT subscribers
+ 1 more...
MQTT ServiceEnvelope Fields

MQTT ServiceEnvelope contains the MeshPacket plus routing metadata

FieldValue
gateway_id !9e9fbbf0
Node ID format
channel_id LongFast
Default public channel
packet MeshPacket (84 bytes)
Contains the actual mesh network packet
MeshPacket Fields

Core mesh packet with routing and payload information

FieldValueType
from 1916791895
Source node ID 		uint32
to 2661118724
Target node ID 		uint32
decoded.portnum 70
TRACEROUTE_APP 		enum
decoded.payload_length 84 bytes size
hop_limit Not set uint32
hop_start 7
Initial hop limit 		uint32
hops_taken 7
Calculated: hop_start - hop_limit 		derived
rx_rssi Not set int32
rx_snr Not set float
rx_time 1768144469
Receive timestamp 		fixed32
via_mqtt False
Direct LoRa transmission 		bool
want_ack True
Acknowledgment requested 		bool
priority 70
Packet priority level 		enum
delayed Not set enum
channel Not set uint32
pki_encrypted False
Standard encryption 		bool
next_hop Not set uint32
relay_node 80
Relay node ID 		uint32
tx_after Not set uint32
timestamp 1768144470.7957957
Unix timestamp 		uint32
MQTT Privacy & Exposure Analysis

Analysis of privacy features and exposure risks when packet is shared via MQTT

Exposure Level: Direct Message
Privacy Features:
  • ✓ Direct LoRa transmission (not via MQTT)
  • ✓ Acknowledgment requested
  • ✓ Targeted to specific node
  • ✓ Gateway node ID tracked
Exposure Risks:
  • ⚠ Default channel - no encryption
  • ⚠ Packet visible to MQTT subscribers
  • ⚠ Multi-hop path visible (7 hops)
MQTT-Specific Fields
Want ack: True
Gateway ID: !9e9fbbf0
Complete Payload Analysis

Detailed breakdown of all payload fields and decoded data

Payload Metadata:
Protocol:TRACEROUTE_APP
Size:84 bytes
Decoded: Yes
Complete Payload Data (JSON):
{ "route_nodes": [ 948096878, 2887676993, 2661112068, 1770223336, 1770341828, 467927768, 3148362576 ], "snr_towards": [ 6.0, -17.25, -18.5, -0.5, -4.75, 4.0, -13.5 ], "route_back": [], "snr_back": [], "route_node_names": { "2887676993": "HOVRINO_8 (HO_8)", "1770341828": "nimbo78_repeater_seligerskaya (n78r)", "2661112068": "Hops monitoring Seligerskaya #SAO (dE1l)", "2661118724": "Meshtastic 114. (114.)", "1770223336": "HOPS GW (ZER0)", "948096878": "Zarathustra (zrts)", "3148362576": "ZA_MKAD_22_868_1 (8681)", "1916791895": "Balthazar (bltz)", "467927768": "ZAO Price ML 010° 🇷🇺 (PML8)" }, "traceroute_packet": { "packet_data": { "id": 5518497, "timestamp": 1768144470.7957957, "from_node_id": 1916791895, "to_node_id": 2661118724, "portnum": 70, "portnum_name": "TRACEROUTE_APP", "gateway_id": "!9e9fbbf0", "channel_id": "LongFast", "mesh_packet_id": 1196448158, "rssi": 0, "snr": 0.0, "hop_limit": 0, "hop_start": 7, "payload_length": 84, "processed_successfully": 1, "raw_payload": "0a1c6ecf823841741eac04599d9ee8768369c4458569d802e41b5033a8bb123418bbffffffffffffffff01b6ffffffffffffffff01feffffffffffffffff01edffffffffffffffff0110caffffffffffffffff01", "via_mqtt": 0, "want_ack": 1, "priority": 70, "delayed": 0, "channel_index": null, "rx_time": 1768144469, "pki_encrypted": 0, "next_hop": 0, "relay_node": 80, "tx_after": 0, "timestamp_str": "2026-01-11 18:14:30", "hop_count": 7, "has_payload": true, "success": 1, "from_node_name": "Balthazar (bltz)", "to_node_name": "Meshtastic 114. (114.)", "gateway_name": "NODE_SOLAR_868 (8682)", "gateway_location": null }, "resolve_names": true, "packet_id": 5518497, "from_node_id": 1916791895, "to_node_id": 2661118724, "timestamp": 1768144470.7957957, "gateway_id": "!9e9fbbf0", "raw_payload": "0a1c6ecf823841741eac04599d9ee8768369c4458569d802e41b5033a8bb123418bbffffffffffffffff01b6ffffffffffffffff01feffffffffffffffff01edffffffffffffffff0110caffffffffffffffff01", "hop_limit": 0, "hop_start": 7, "from_node_name": "Balthazar (bltz)", "to_node_name": "!9e9d7304", "route_data": { "route_nodes": [ 948096878, 2887676993, 2661112068, 1770223336, 1770341828, 467927768, 3148362576 ], "snr_towards": [ 6.0, -17.25, -18.5, -0.5, -4.75, 4.0, -13.5 ], "route_back": [], "snr_back": [] }, "forward_path": { "path_type": "forward", "node_ids": [ 1916791895, 948096878, 2887676993, 2661112068, 1770223336, 1770341828, 467927768, 3148362576 ], "node_names": [ "Balthazar (bltz)", "Zarathustra (zrts)", "HOVRINO_8 (HO_8)", "Hops monitoring Seligerskaya #SAO (dE1l)", "HOPS GW (ZER0)", "nimbo78_repeater_seligerskaya (n78r)", "ZAO Price ML 010° 🇷🇺 (PML8)", "ZA_MKAD_22_868_1 (8681)" ], "snr_values": [ 6.0, -17.25, -18.5, -0.5, -4.75, 4.0, -13.5 ], "hops": [ { "hop_number": 1, "from_node_id": 1916791895, "to_node_id": 948096878, "from_node_name": "Balthazar (bltz)", "to_node_name": "Zarathustra (zrts)", "snr": 6.0, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 0.0, "from_location_timestamp": 1768140543.8805234, "to_location_timestamp": 1768142791.7588892, "from_location_age_warning": "from 1.1h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 0.5h ago" }, { "hop_number": 2, "from_node_id": 948096878, "to_node_id": 2887676993, "from_node_name": "Zarathustra (zrts)", "to_node_name": "HOVRINO_8 (HO_8)", "snr": -17.25, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 2792.078756281117, "from_location_timestamp": 1768142791.7588892, "to_location_timestamp": 1768134190.4912305, "from_location_age_warning": "from 0.5h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 2.9h ago" }, { "hop_number": 3, "from_node_id": 2887676993, "to_node_id": 2661112068, "from_node_name": "HOVRINO_8 (HO_8)", "to_node_name": "Hops monitoring Seligerskaya #SAO (dE1l)", "snr": -18.5, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 3955.803015474237, "from_location_timestamp": 1768134190.4912305, "to_location_timestamp": 1768110275.0082622, "from_location_age_warning": "from 2.9h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 9.5h ago" }, { "hop_number": 4, "from_node_id": 2661112068, "to_node_id": 1770223336, "from_node_name": "Hops monitoring Seligerskaya #SAO (dE1l)", "to_node_name": "HOPS GW (ZER0)", "snr": -0.5, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 5, "from_node_id": 1770223336, "to_node_id": 1770341828, "from_node_name": "HOPS GW (ZER0)", "to_node_name": "nimbo78_repeater_seligerskaya (n78r)", "snr": -4.75, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 6, "from_node_id": 1770341828, "to_node_id": 467927768, "from_node_name": "nimbo78_repeater_seligerskaya (n78r)", "to_node_name": "ZAO Price ML 010° 🇷🇺 (PML8)", "snr": 4.0, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 23468.71036729798, "from_location_timestamp": 1768125141.265691, "to_location_timestamp": 1768140123.2127762, "from_location_age_warning": "from 5.4h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 1.2h ago" }, { "hop_number": 7, "from_node_id": 467927768, "to_node_id": 3148362576, "from_node_name": "ZAO Price ML 010° 🇷🇺 (PML8)", "to_node_name": "ZA_MKAD_22_868_1 (8681)", "snr": -13.5, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" } ], "is_complete": false, "total_hops": 7 }, "return_path": null, "actual_rf_path": { "path_type": "forward_rf", "node_ids": [ 1916791895, 948096878, 2887676993, 2661112068, 1770223336, 1770341828, 467927768, 3148362576 ], "node_names": [ "Balthazar (bltz)", "Zarathustra (zrts)", "HOVRINO_8 (HO_8)", "Hops monitoring Seligerskaya #SAO (dE1l)", "HOPS GW (ZER0)", "nimbo78_repeater_seligerskaya (n78r)", "ZAO Price ML 010° 🇷🇺 (PML8)", "ZA_MKAD_22_868_1 (8681)" ], "snr_values": [ 6.0, -17.25, -18.5, -0.5, -4.75, 4.0, -13.5 ], "hops": [ { "hop_number": 1, "from_node_id": 1916791895, "to_node_id": 948096878, "from_node_name": "Balthazar (bltz)", "to_node_name": "Zarathustra (zrts)", "snr": 6.0, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 0.0, "from_location_timestamp": 1768140543.8805234, "to_location_timestamp": 1768142791.7588892, "from_location_age_warning": "from 1.1h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 0.5h ago" }, { "hop_number": 2, "from_node_id": 948096878, "to_node_id": 2887676993, "from_node_name": "Zarathustra (zrts)", "to_node_name": "HOVRINO_8 (HO_8)", "snr": -17.25, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 2792.078756281117, "from_location_timestamp": 1768142791.7588892, "to_location_timestamp": 1768134190.4912305, "from_location_age_warning": "from 0.5h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 2.9h ago" }, { "hop_number": 3, "from_node_id": 2887676993, "to_node_id": 2661112068, "from_node_name": "HOVRINO_8 (HO_8)", "to_node_name": "Hops monitoring Seligerskaya #SAO (dE1l)", "snr": -18.5, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 3955.803015474237, "from_location_timestamp": 1768134190.4912305, "to_location_timestamp": 1768110275.0082622, "from_location_age_warning": "from 2.9h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 9.5h ago" }, { "hop_number": 4, "from_node_id": 2661112068, "to_node_id": 1770223336, "from_node_name": "Hops monitoring Seligerskaya #SAO (dE1l)", "to_node_name": "HOPS GW (ZER0)", "snr": -0.5, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 5, "from_node_id": 1770223336, "to_node_id": 1770341828, "from_node_name": "HOPS GW (ZER0)", "to_node_name": "nimbo78_repeater_seligerskaya (n78r)", "snr": -4.75, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 6, "from_node_id": 1770341828, "to_node_id": 467927768, "from_node_name": "nimbo78_repeater_seligerskaya (n78r)", "to_node_name": "ZAO Price ML 010° 🇷🇺 (PML8)", "snr": 4.0, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 23468.71036729798, "from_location_timestamp": 1768125141.265691, "to_location_timestamp": 1768140123.2127762, "from_location_age_warning": "from 5.4h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 1.2h ago" }, { "hop_number": 7, "from_node_id": 467927768, "to_node_id": 3148362576, "from_node_name": "ZAO Price ML 010° 🇷🇺 (PML8)", "to_node_name": "ZA_MKAD_22_868_1 (8681)", "snr": -13.5, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" } ], "is_complete": false, "total_hops": 7 } }, "has_return_path": false, "is_complete": false, "forward_path_display": "Balthazar (bltz) → Zarathustra (zrts) → HOVRINO_8 (HO_8) → Hops monitoring Seligerskaya #SAO (dE1l) → HOPS GW (ZER0) → nimbo78_repeater_seligerskaya (n78r) → ZAO Price ML 010° 🇷🇺 (PML8) → ZA_MKAD_22_868_1 (8681)", "return_path_display": null, "actual_rf_path_display": "Balthazar (bltz) → Zarathustra (zrts) → HOVRINO_8 (HO_8) → Hops monitoring Seligerskaya #SAO (dE1l) → HOPS GW (ZER0) → nimbo78_repeater_seligerskaya (n78r) → ZAO Price ML 010° 🇷🇺 (PML8) → ZA_MKAD_22_868_1 (8681)", "forward_hops": [ { "hop_number": 1, "from_node_id": 1916791895, "to_node_id": 948096878, "from_node_name": "Balthazar (bltz)", "to_node_name": "Zarathustra (zrts)", "snr": 6.0, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 0.0, "from_location_timestamp": 1768140543.8805234, "to_location_timestamp": 1768142791.7588892, "from_location_age_warning": "from 1.1h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 0.5h ago" }, { "hop_number": 2, "from_node_id": 948096878, "to_node_id": 2887676993, "from_node_name": "Zarathustra (zrts)", "to_node_name": "HOVRINO_8 (HO_8)", "snr": -17.25, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 2792.078756281117, "from_location_timestamp": 1768142791.7588892, "to_location_timestamp": 1768134190.4912305, "from_location_age_warning": "from 0.5h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 2.9h ago" }, { "hop_number": 3, "from_node_id": 2887676993, "to_node_id": 2661112068, "from_node_name": "HOVRINO_8 (HO_8)", "to_node_name": "Hops monitoring Seligerskaya #SAO (dE1l)", "snr": -18.5, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 3955.803015474237, "from_location_timestamp": 1768134190.4912305, "to_location_timestamp": 1768110275.0082622, "from_location_age_warning": "from 2.9h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 9.5h ago" }, { "hop_number": 4, "from_node_id": 2661112068, "to_node_id": 1770223336, "from_node_name": "Hops monitoring Seligerskaya #SAO (dE1l)", "to_node_name": "HOPS GW (ZER0)", "snr": -0.5, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 5, "from_node_id": 1770223336, "to_node_id": 1770341828, "from_node_name": "HOPS GW (ZER0)", "to_node_name": "nimbo78_repeater_seligerskaya (n78r)", "snr": -4.75, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 6, "from_node_id": 1770341828, "to_node_id": 467927768, "from_node_name": "nimbo78_repeater_seligerskaya (n78r)", "to_node_name": "ZAO Price ML 010° 🇷🇺 (PML8)", "snr": 4.0, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": 23468.71036729798, "from_location_timestamp": 1768125141.265691, "to_location_timestamp": 1768140123.2127762, "from_location_age_warning": "from 5.4h ago", "to_location_age_warning": "from 1.2h ago" }, { "hop_number": 7, "from_node_id": 467927768, "to_node_id": 3148362576, "from_node_name": "ZAO Price ML 010° 🇷🇺 (PML8)", "to_node_name": "ZA_MKAD_22_868_1 (8681)", "snr": -13.5, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" } ], "return_hops": [], "total_forward_distance": 30216.592139053333, "total_return_distance": null }
Complete Protobuf Decode (JSON)
{ "service_envelope": { "gateway_id": "!9e9fbbf0", "channel_id": "LongFast", "packet": "MeshPacket (see mesh_packet below)" }, "mesh_packet": { "from": 1916791895, "to": 2661118724, "id": 1196448158, "rx_time": 1768144469, "rx_snr": 0.0, "rx_rssi": 0, "hop_limit": 0, "hop_start": 7, "via_mqtt": 0, "want_ack": 1, "priority": 70, "delayed": 0, "channel_index": null, "pki_encrypted": 0, "next_hop": 0, "relay_node": 80, "tx_after": 0, "decoded": { "portnum": 70, "payload": "0a1c6ecf823841741eac04599d9ee8768369c4458569d802e41b5033a8bb123418bbffffffffffffffff01b6ffffffffffffffff01feffffffffffffffff01edffffffffffffffff0110caffffffffffffffff01", "want_response": null, "dest": null, "source": null, "request_id": null, "reply_id": null, "emoji": null, "parsed_payload": { "route": [ 948096878, 2887676993, 2661112068, 1770223336, 1770341828, 467927768, 3148362576 ], "snr_towards": [ 24, -69, -74, -2, -19, 16, -54 ], "type": "protobuf", "portnum": "TRACEROUTE_APP", "message_class": "RouteDiscovery" } } } }
Raw Packet Data (84 bytes)
0a1c6ecf823841741eac04599d9ee8768369c4458569d802e41b5033a8bb123418bbffffffffffffffff01b6ffffffffffffffff01feffffffffffffffff01edffffffffffffffff0110caffffffffffffffff01
Hex Analysis:
Size:84 bytes
Format:Protobuf (Protocol Buffers)
Encoding:Binary with varint and length-delimited fields
This is the raw protobuf-encoded payload as received from MQTT. The structure follows the Meshtastic protobuf schema definitions.
All Receptions
All gateways that received this packet
Correlation: Using Mesh Packet ID
Reception Locations

Loading reception map...

Map shows gateway locations that received this packet. Hop counts are displayed if available.
Gateway Time Offset RSSI SNR Hops Channel Timestamp Actions
NODE_SOLAR_868 (8682) Primary 0.000s
Reference 		Unknown Unknown 7 LongFast 2026-01-11 18:14:30 Current
RN3ABX Georgy 2 (ABX2) -2080.602s
Before 		-111.0 dBm -9.00 dB 2 LongFast 2026-01-11 17:39:50 View
SYSXX YGW8 (SXY8) -2069.582s
Before 		-95.0 dBm -12.00 dB 4 LongFast 2026-01-11 17:40:01 View
SYSXX BGW8 (SXB8) -2069.541s
Before 		-123.0 dBm -18.00 dB 4 LongFast 2026-01-11 17:40:01 View
SYSXX OGW8 (SXG8) -2066.690s
Before 		-47.0 dBm 6.25 dB 5 LongFast 2026-01-11 17:40:04 View
Zoͦmͫвⷡiͥeͤ [GW8] (🧟) -1755.431s
Before 		-93.0 dBm -15.00 dB 5 LongFast 2026-01-11 17:45:15 View
Koptevo-8-MQTT (BM8M) -1755.223s
Before 		-116.0 dBm -14.00 dB 5 LongFast 2026-01-11 17:45:15 View
Aster-02 (AST2) -1736.666s
Before 		-88.0 dBm -8.00 dB 7 LongFast 2026-01-11 17:45:34 View
ZA_MKAD_22_868_1 (8681) -0.240s
Before 		-136.0 dBm -13.50 dB 6 LongFast 2026-01-11 18:14:30 View
9

Total Receptions

9

Unique Gateways