Packet #15371031 Success

TRACEROUTE_APP packet from Meshtastic ds2 (ds02) to !043d2f30

4
Total Receptions
4
Unique Gateways
7
Hop Count
98
Payload Bytes
Packet Information
Database ID: 15371031
Mesh Packet ID: 0x92cf0bec
Used for correlation across gateways
Timestamp: 2026-04-11 22:30:37 UTC
From Node: Meshtastic ds2 (ds02)
To Node: !043d2f30 (2f30)
Success: Processed
Protocol: TRACEROUTE_APP
Port: 70
Gateway: Medved GW8 (MED8)
Channel: LongFast
RSSI: -108 dBm
SNR: -2.0 dBm
Hop Info: 7/7 hops
Start: 7, Limit: 0
Payload Data
Protocol: TRACEROUTE_APP
Size: 98 bytes
Decoded: Yes
Decoded Data:
Route Information
Route Path: SV_Base_Korolev (SVBS) → Meshtastic 1b6f (1b6f) → Meshtastic 3830 (3830) → Kim ad54 (Kim) → КПСС Щёлково (CCCP) → Sholkovo GW8 1W (SHO8) → Лосинка868 (los) → Medved GW8 (MED8)
Hop Count: 7 hops
Status: Incomplete - Final destination not reached
SNR Towards: -20.25 dB -15.0 dB -21.75 dB -17.0 dB 4.5 dB 0.0 dB -0.5 dB -2.0 dB
Route Visualization

Loading route map...

Map shows the geographic path if nodes have shared location data.
Traceroute Steps
Hop From Node To Node Distance SNR (dB) Direction Analysis
1 Meshtastic ds2 (ds02) SV_Base_Korolev (SVBS) Unknown -20.25 dB Origin Hops
2 SV_Base_Korolev (SVBS) Meshtastic 1b6f (1b6f) Unknown -15.0 dB Relay Hops
3 Meshtastic 1b6f (1b6f) Meshtastic 3830 (3830) Unknown -21.75 dB Relay Hops
4 Meshtastic 3830 (3830) Kim ad54 (Kim) Unknown -17.0 dB Relay Hops
5 Kim ad54 (Kim) КПСС Щёлково (CCCP) Unknown 4.5 dB Relay Hops
6 КПСС Щёлково (CCCP) Sholkovo GW8 1W (SHO8) Unknown 0.0 dB Relay Hops
7 Sholkovo GW8 1W (SHO8) Лосинка868 (los) Unknown -0.5 dB Relay Hops
8 Лосинка868 (los) Medved GW8 (MED8) Unknown -2.0 dB Relay Hops
Traceroute incomplete - Final destination not reached
Combined Traceroute Graph
Controls: Drag nodes to rearrange • Mouse wheel to zoom • Click and drag background to pan • Hover for details

Building graph...

Legend & Paths
Nodes
🔄 Router Node
📡 Gateway Node
🚀 Source Node
🎯 Target Node
Connections
RF Link
Gateway Connection
Direct Reception (0 hops)
Packet Paths
Loading paths...
Raw Packet Analysis
Complete field breakdown and MQTT privacy/exposure analysis
Packet Structure
MQTT Packet Flow:
ServiceEnvelope (MQTT layer) → MeshPacket (Mesh layer) → Decoded Payload (Application data)
Total Size:98 bytes
Gateway:!fa68e0c0
Channel:LongFast
Payload Type:TRACEROUTE_APP
Hop Count:7 / 7
Privacy Summary
Exposure Level:
Direct Message
Privacy Features:
✓ Direct LoRa transmission (not via MQTT)
✓ Acknowledgment requested
+ 2 more...
Exposure Risks:
⚠ Default channel - no encryption
⚠ Packet visible to MQTT subscribers
+ 2 more...
MQTT ServiceEnvelope Fields

MQTT ServiceEnvelope contains the MeshPacket plus routing metadata

FieldValue
gateway_id !fa68e0c0
Node ID format
channel_id LongFast
Default public channel
packet MeshPacket (98 bytes)
Contains the actual mesh network packet
MeshPacket Fields

Core mesh packet with routing and payload information

FieldValueType
from 49138904
Source node ID 		uint32
to 71118640
Target node ID 		uint32
decoded.portnum 70
TRACEROUTE_APP 		enum
decoded.payload_length 98 bytes size
hop_limit Not set uint32
hop_start 7
Initial hop limit 		uint32
hops_taken 7
Calculated: hop_start - hop_limit 		derived
rx_rssi -108.0 dBm
Signal strength at gateway 		int32
rx_snr -2.00 dB
Signal quality at gateway 		float
rx_time 1775935837
Receive timestamp 		fixed32
via_mqtt False
Direct LoRa transmission 		bool
want_ack True
Acknowledgment requested 		bool
priority Not set enum
delayed Not set enum
channel Not set uint32
pki_encrypted False
Standard encryption 		bool
next_hop Not set uint32
relay_node 185
Relay node ID 		uint32
tx_after Not set uint32
timestamp 1775935837.9724615
Unix timestamp 		uint32
MQTT Privacy & Exposure Analysis

Analysis of privacy features and exposure risks when packet is shared via MQTT

Exposure Level: Direct Message
Privacy Features:
  • ✓ Direct LoRa transmission (not via MQTT)
  • ✓ Acknowledgment requested
  • ✓ Targeted to specific node
  • ✓ Gateway node ID tracked
Exposure Risks:
  • ⚠ Default channel - no encryption
  • ⚠ Packet visible to MQTT subscribers
  • ⚠ Multi-hop path visible (7 hops)
  • ⚠ RF signal metrics exposed (location inference possible)
MQTT-Specific Fields
Want ack: True
Gateway ID: !fa68e0c0
Signal Metrics: RSSI: -108.0 dBm
SNR: -2.00 dB
Complete Payload Analysis

Detailed breakdown of all payload fields and decoded data

Payload Metadata:
Protocol:TRACEROUTE_APP
Size:98 bytes
Decoded: Yes
Complete Payload Data (JSON):
{ "route_nodes": [ 67537524, 3055164271, 1771780144, 1236643156, 181027716, 3284883077, 3449357497, 4201177280 ], "snr_towards": [ -20.25, -15.0, -21.75, -17.0, 4.5, 0.0, -0.5, -2.0 ], "route_back": [], "snr_back": [], "route_node_names": { "4201177280": "Medved GW8 (MED8)", "181027716": "КПСС Щёлково (CCCP)", "3284883077": "Sholkovo GW8 1W (SHO8)", "3055164271": "Meshtastic 1b6f (1b6f)", "1771780144": "Meshtastic 3830 (3830)", "71118640": "!043d2f30", "1236643156": "Kim ad54 (Kim)", "67537524": "SV_Base_Korolev (SVBS)", "49138904": "Meshtastic ds2 (ds02)", "3449357497": "Лосинка868 (los)" }, "traceroute_packet": { "packet_data": { "id": 15371031, "timestamp": 1775935837.9724615, "from_node_id": 49138904, "to_node_id": 71118640, "portnum": 70, "portnum_name": "TRACEROUTE_APP", "gateway_id": "!fa68e0c0", "channel_id": "LongFast", "mesh_packet_id": 2463042540, "rssi": -108, "snr": -2.0, "hop_limit": 0, "hop_start": 7, "payload_length": 98, "processed_successfully": 1, "raw_payload": "0a20748a06046f1b1ab630389b6954adb5498443ca0a8556cbc3b90499cdc0e068fa123eafffffffffffffffff01c4ffffffffffffffff01a9ffffffffffffffff01bcffffffffffffffff011200feffffffffffffffff01f8ffffffffffffffff01", "via_mqtt": 0, "want_ack": 1, "priority": 0, "delayed": 0, "channel_index": null, "rx_time": 1775935837, "pki_encrypted": 0, "next_hop": 0, "relay_node": 185, "tx_after": 0, "timestamp_str": "2026-04-11 22:30:37", "hop_count": 7, "has_payload": true, "success": 1, "from_node_name": "Meshtastic ds2 (ds02)", "to_node_name": "!043d2f30", "gateway_name": "Medved GW8 (MED8)", "gateway_location": { "node_id": 4201177280, "latitude": 55.891, "longitude": 37.668, "altitude": 190, "timestamp": 1775953641.6391165, "timestamp_str": "2026-04-12 03:27:21", "display_name": "Medved GW8", "long_name": "Medved GW8", "short_name": "MED8", "hw_model": "TLORA_T3_S3" } }, "resolve_names": true, "packet_id": 15371031, "from_node_id": 49138904, "to_node_id": 71118640, "timestamp": 1775935837.9724615, "gateway_id": "!fa68e0c0", "raw_payload": "0a20748a06046f1b1ab630389b6954adb5498443ca0a8556cbc3b90499cdc0e068fa123eafffffffffffffffff01c4ffffffffffffffff01a9ffffffffffffffff01bcffffffffffffffff011200feffffffffffffffff01f8ffffffffffffffff01", "hop_limit": 0, "hop_start": 7, "from_node_name": "Meshtastic ds2 (ds02)", "to_node_name": "!043d2f30", "route_data": { "route_nodes": [ 67537524, 3055164271, 1771780144, 1236643156, 181027716, 3284883077, 3449357497, 4201177280 ], "snr_towards": [ -20.25, -15.0, -21.75, -17.0, 4.5, 0.0, -0.5, -2.0 ], "route_back": [], "snr_back": [] }, "forward_path": { "path_type": "forward", "node_ids": [ 49138904, 67537524, 3055164271, 1771780144, 1236643156, 181027716, 3284883077, 3449357497, 4201177280 ], "node_names": [ "Meshtastic ds2 (ds02)", "SV_Base_Korolev (SVBS)", "Meshtastic 1b6f (1b6f)", "Meshtastic 3830 (3830)", "Kim ad54 (Kim)", "КПСС Щёлково (CCCP)", "Sholkovo GW8 1W (SHO8)", "Лосинка868 (los)", "Medved GW8 (MED8)" ], "snr_values": [ -20.25, -15.0, -21.75, -17.0, 4.5, 0.0, -0.5, -2.0 ], "hops": [ { "hop_number": 1, "from_node_id": 49138904, "to_node_id": 67537524, "from_node_name": "Meshtastic ds2 (ds02)", "to_node_name": "SV_Base_Korolev (SVBS)", "snr": -20.25, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 2, "from_node_id": 67537524, "to_node_id": 3055164271, "from_node_name": "SV_Base_Korolev (SVBS)", "to_node_name": "Meshtastic 1b6f (1b6f)", "snr": -15.0, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 3, "from_node_id": 3055164271, "to_node_id": 1771780144, "from_node_name": "Meshtastic 1b6f (1b6f)", "to_node_name": "Meshtastic 3830 (3830)", "snr": -21.75, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 4, "from_node_id": 1771780144, "to_node_id": 1236643156, "from_node_name": "Meshtastic 3830 (3830)", "to_node_name": "Kim ad54 (Kim)", "snr": -17.0, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 5, "from_node_id": 1236643156, "to_node_id": 181027716, "from_node_name": "Kim ad54 (Kim)", "to_node_name": "КПСС Щёлково (CCCP)", "snr": 4.5, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 6, "from_node_id": 181027716, "to_node_id": 3284883077, "from_node_name": "КПСС Щёлково (CCCP)", "to_node_name": "Sholkovo GW8 1W (SHO8)", "snr": 0.0, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 7, "from_node_id": 3284883077, "to_node_id": 3449357497, "from_node_name": "Sholkovo GW8 1W (SHO8)", "to_node_name": "Лосинка868 (los)", "snr": -0.5, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 8, "from_node_id": 3449357497, "to_node_id": 4201177280, "from_node_name": "Лосинка868 (los)", "to_node_name": "Medved GW8 (MED8)", "snr": -2.0, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" } ], "is_complete": false, "total_hops": 8 }, "return_path": null, "actual_rf_path": { "path_type": "forward_rf", "node_ids": [ 49138904, 67537524, 3055164271, 1771780144, 1236643156, 181027716, 3284883077, 3449357497, 4201177280 ], "node_names": [ "Meshtastic ds2 (ds02)", "SV_Base_Korolev (SVBS)", "Meshtastic 1b6f (1b6f)", "Meshtastic 3830 (3830)", "Kim ad54 (Kim)", "КПСС Щёлково (CCCP)", "Sholkovo GW8 1W (SHO8)", "Лосинка868 (los)", "Medved GW8 (MED8)" ], "snr_values": [ -20.25, -15.0, -21.75, -17.0, 4.5, 0.0, -0.5, -2.0 ], "hops": [ { "hop_number": 1, "from_node_id": 49138904, "to_node_id": 67537524, "from_node_name": "Meshtastic ds2 (ds02)", "to_node_name": "SV_Base_Korolev (SVBS)", "snr": -20.25, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 2, "from_node_id": 67537524, "to_node_id": 3055164271, "from_node_name": "SV_Base_Korolev (SVBS)", "to_node_name": "Meshtastic 1b6f (1b6f)", "snr": -15.0, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 3, "from_node_id": 3055164271, "to_node_id": 1771780144, "from_node_name": "Meshtastic 1b6f (1b6f)", "to_node_name": "Meshtastic 3830 (3830)", "snr": -21.75, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 4, "from_node_id": 1771780144, "to_node_id": 1236643156, "from_node_name": "Meshtastic 3830 (3830)", "to_node_name": "Kim ad54 (Kim)", "snr": -17.0, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 5, "from_node_id": 1236643156, "to_node_id": 181027716, "from_node_name": "Kim ad54 (Kim)", "to_node_name": "КПСС Щёлково (CCCP)", "snr": 4.5, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 6, "from_node_id": 181027716, "to_node_id": 3284883077, "from_node_name": "КПСС Щёлково (CCCP)", "to_node_name": "Sholkovo GW8 1W (SHO8)", "snr": 0.0, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 7, "from_node_id": 3284883077, "to_node_id": 3449357497, "from_node_name": "Sholkovo GW8 1W (SHO8)", "to_node_name": "Лосинка868 (los)", "snr": -0.5, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 8, "from_node_id": 3449357497, "to_node_id": 4201177280, "from_node_name": "Лосинка868 (los)", "to_node_name": "Medved GW8 (MED8)", "snr": -2.0, "direction": "forward_rf", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" } ], "is_complete": false, "total_hops": 8 } }, "has_return_path": false, "is_complete": false, "forward_path_display": "Meshtastic ds2 (ds02) → SV_Base_Korolev (SVBS) → Meshtastic 1b6f (1b6f) → Meshtastic 3830 (3830) → Kim ad54 (Kim) → КПСС Щёлково (CCCP) → Sholkovo GW8 1W (SHO8) → Лосинка868 (los) → Medved GW8 (MED8)", "return_path_display": null, "actual_rf_path_display": "Meshtastic ds2 (ds02) → SV_Base_Korolev (SVBS) → Meshtastic 1b6f (1b6f) → Meshtastic 3830 (3830) → Kim ad54 (Kim) → КПСС Щёлково (CCCP) → Sholkovo GW8 1W (SHO8) → Лосинка868 (los) → Medved GW8 (MED8)", "forward_hops": [ { "hop_number": 1, "from_node_id": 49138904, "to_node_id": 67537524, "from_node_name": "Meshtastic ds2 (ds02)", "to_node_name": "SV_Base_Korolev (SVBS)", "snr": -20.25, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 2, "from_node_id": 67537524, "to_node_id": 3055164271, "from_node_name": "SV_Base_Korolev (SVBS)", "to_node_name": "Meshtastic 1b6f (1b6f)", "snr": -15.0, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 3, "from_node_id": 3055164271, "to_node_id": 1771780144, "from_node_name": "Meshtastic 1b6f (1b6f)", "to_node_name": "Meshtastic 3830 (3830)", "snr": -21.75, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 4, "from_node_id": 1771780144, "to_node_id": 1236643156, "from_node_name": "Meshtastic 3830 (3830)", "to_node_name": "Kim ad54 (Kim)", "snr": -17.0, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 5, "from_node_id": 1236643156, "to_node_id": 181027716, "from_node_name": "Kim ad54 (Kim)", "to_node_name": "КПСС Щёлково (CCCP)", "snr": 4.5, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 6, "from_node_id": 181027716, "to_node_id": 3284883077, "from_node_name": "КПСС Щёлково (CCCP)", "to_node_name": "Sholkovo GW8 1W (SHO8)", "snr": 0.0, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 7, "from_node_id": 3284883077, "to_node_id": 3449357497, "from_node_name": "Sholkovo GW8 1W (SHO8)", "to_node_name": "Лосинка868 (los)", "snr": -0.5, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" }, { "hop_number": 8, "from_node_id": 3449357497, "to_node_id": 4201177280, "from_node_name": "Лосинка868 (los)", "to_node_name": "Medved GW8 (MED8)", "snr": -2.0, "direction": "forward", "is_target_hop": false, "distance_meters": null, "from_location_timestamp": null, "to_location_timestamp": null, "from_location_age_warning": "No location data available", "to_location_age_warning": "No location data available" } ], "return_hops": [], "total_forward_distance": 0, "total_return_distance": null }
Complete Protobuf Decode (JSON)
{ "service_envelope": { "gateway_id": "!fa68e0c0", "channel_id": "LongFast", "packet": "MeshPacket (see mesh_packet below)" }, "mesh_packet": { "from": 49138904, "to": 71118640, "id": 2463042540, "rx_time": 1775935837, "rx_snr": -2.0, "rx_rssi": -108, "hop_limit": 0, "hop_start": 7, "via_mqtt": 0, "want_ack": 1, "priority": 0, "delayed": 0, "channel_index": null, "pki_encrypted": 0, "next_hop": 0, "relay_node": 185, "tx_after": 0, "decoded": { "portnum": 70, "payload": "0a20748a06046f1b1ab630389b6954adb5498443ca0a8556cbc3b90499cdc0e068fa123eafffffffffffffffff01c4ffffffffffffffff01a9ffffffffffffffff01bcffffffffffffffff011200feffffffffffffffff01f8ffffffffffffffff01", "want_response": null, "dest": null, "source": null, "request_id": null, "reply_id": null, "emoji": null, "parsed_payload": { "route": [ 67537524, 3055164271, 1771780144, 1236643156, 181027716, 3284883077, 3449357497, 4201177280 ], "snr_towards": [ -81, -60, -87, -68, 18, 0, -2, -8 ], "type": "protobuf", "portnum": "TRACEROUTE_APP", "message_class": "RouteDiscovery" } } } }
Raw Packet Data (98 bytes)
0a20748a06046f1b1ab630389b6954adb5498443ca0a8556cbc3b90499cdc0e068fa123eafffffffffffffffff01c4ffffffffffffffff01a9ffffffffffffffff01bcffffffffffffffff011200feffffffffffffffff01f8ffffffffffffffff01
Hex Analysis:
Size:98 bytes
Format:Protobuf (Protocol Buffers)
Encoding:Binary with varint and length-delimited fields
This is the raw protobuf-encoded payload as received from MQTT. The structure follows the Meshtastic protobuf schema definitions.
All Receptions
All gateways that received this packet
Correlation: Using Mesh Packet ID
Reception Locations

Loading reception map...

Map shows gateway locations that received this packet. Hop counts are displayed if available.
Gateway Time Offset RSSI SNR Hops Channel Timestamp Actions
Medved GW8 (MED8) Primary 0.000s
Reference 		-108.0 dBm -2.00 dB 7 LongFast 2026-04-11 22:30:37 Current
EGarpunov 2 868 (Base) (BAO) (EG28) -28.475s
Before 		-121.0 dBm -14.25 dB 1 LongFast 2026-04-11 22:30:09 View
Korolyok h0use (K8k*) -13.749s
Before 		-128.0 dBm -18.25 dB 1 LongFast 2026-04-11 22:30:24 View
pyri8 (pyri) -0.562s
Before 		-121.0 dBm -20.00 dB 7 LongFast 2026-04-11 22:30:37 View
4

Total Receptions

4

Unique Gateways